Epilepsy

Introduction to Epilepsy and Treatment

Epilepsy, also known as seizure disorder, involves irregular energy discharges in the brain that can aeffect the entire body or parts of it, leading to effects ranging from minor contractions and jerks to freezing and loss of consciousness. It manifests uniquely in each individual, like a fingerprint. To discuss it more academically;

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by a predisposition to epileptic seizures, which can appear in many clinical forms and have numerous potential etiologies.

ILAE defines epilepsy as follows

• At least two or more unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart; or

• One unprovoked (or reflex) seizure with a risk of further unprovoked seizures similar to the general recurrence risk after two unprovoked seizures occurring over the next 10 years; or

• The diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome

Classification of Seizure Types

• Focal onset (preferred term over 'partial')

  • May be with awareness (preferred term over 'simple partial') or with impaired awareness (preferred term over 'complex partial' or 'non-cognitive')

  • Can be with motor onset or non-motor onset (e.g., sensory, autonomic)

  • Can evolve from focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures

• Generalized

  • Motor seizures can occur, such as tonic-clonic (preferred over 'grand mal') seizure, clonic seizure, tonic seizure, myoclonic-tonic-clonic seizure, myoclonic-atonic seizure, atonic seizure

  • Can be non-motor or absence seizures

Epilepsy and Nutrition

Nutrition plays a critical role in epilepsy management. Here are some nutritional strategies that stand out based on recent research:

• Omega-3 Fatty Acids:

  It supports brain function and has neuroprotective effects. Foods such as fish, walnuts and chia seeds contain these fatty acids and can reduce the frequency of seizures.

• Maintaining Blood Sugar Balance:

  Avoiding high glycemic index foods and consuming low glycemic index foods such as whole grains and legumes may reduce the risk of seizures.

• Water Consumption:

  Adequate water intake helps maintain proper body functions and may reduce the risk of seizures. Avoid caffeine and alcohol consumption as these substances can trigger seizures.

• Avoid Processed Foods:

  Choose fresh, natural foods instead of processed and refined sugars. This can reduce the risk of seizures and improve overall health.

Current Information and Research

Recent research further elaborates the effects of diet on epilepsy:

• Ketogenic Diet: There are studies showing that the ketogenic diet is effective in controlling seizures, especially in cases of resistant epilepsy in children. This diet changes the energy use in the brain by putting the body in a state of ketosis.

• Probiotics and Microbiota: Gut microbiota is thought to have an effect on brain functions. There is new research suggesting that probiotics may reduce the frequency of seizures in patients with epilepsy.

• Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: Research continues on whether vitamin B complex and minerals such as magnesium may help control seizures in people with epilepsy.

Epilepsy and Lifestyle

• Sleep: Epilepsy is closely related to sleep quality and regularity. Sleep deprivation or irregular sleep can trigger seizures. Adequate and regular sleep can be an important factor in controlling neuronal imbalances in the brain. Sleep hygiene (such as paying attention to bedtime, reducing caffeine and screen time) can be critical in epilepsy management.

• Stress: Stress is a trigger for seizures for many people with epilepsy. Stress management techniques, meditation, yoga, breathing exercises, and even therapy can be effective in reducing seizure frequency. The physiological effects of stress can disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, so stress management should be considered part of epilepsy treatment.

• Physical Activity: Exercise improves overall health and supports brain function. However, some physical activities can increase the risk of seizures. Regular, moderate-intensity activities (walking, swimming) are recommended, while high-risk activities such as water skiing should be avoided. Exercise can contribute to the management of epilepsy by having positive effects on both physical and mental health. Which exercises are recommended and which ones should be avoided.

Epilepsy Treatment and Medications

• Antiepileptic Drugs: These drugs are used to regulate electrical activity in the brain. It is important to choose a drug, adjust the dose, and manage side effects specific to each patient. Common drugs include valproic acid, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam. It is important to be careful about side effects and drug interactions.

• Drug Resistance: For some patients, medications may not be effective enough. In this case, different drug combinations, increased drug doses, or alternative treatment methods may be required.

• Alternative Treatments

  • Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve with a device placed in the neck may reduce seizure frequency in some patients.

  • Ketogenic Diet: A low-carb, high-fat diet may be helpful in controlling seizures, especially in children.

  • Surgery: In cases where we can identify the focus of epilepsy, surgical intervention can stop seizures completely or reduce their frequency.

Epilepsy and Psychology

• Psychosocial Impacts: Epilepsy can affect a person’s self-esteem, social relationships, and overall quality of life. Psychological problems such as depression and anxiety are common. This highlights the importance of patients receiving psychological support.

• Support Groups: Groups where people living with epilepsy come together are valuable resources for sharing experiences, support, and information. These groups help patients feel less alone and develop better coping strategies.

Epilepsy and Children

• Epilepsy in Children: Children may face developmental challenges. It can have an impact on education, social activities, and independence. Special education and support programs can help children achieve their potential.

• Family Support: It is critical for families to be informed and know what to do in the event of a seizure to make life easier for their child with epilepsy. There are educational programs and support groups available for parents.

Technology and Epilepsy

• Seizure Detection Devices: Wearable technologies can detect seizures in advance or call for help during a seizure. These devices increase patient safety and facilitate emergency interventions.

• Apps: Mobile apps designed for epilepsy management help organize patients’ lives by offering functions such as medication reminders, seizure diaries, stress management, and sleep tracking.

Conclusion

Epilepsy is a complex disease that can affect every aspect of life. However, with modern medicine, lifestyle changes, nutrition and support systems, it is possible to significantly improve the quality of life for those living with epilepsy. Each individual’s needs are different, but this wide range of information and strategies can help everyone live a healthier, more balanced life.